How gravity shapes the low-energy frontier of particle physics

The Standard Model of particle physics and its implications for cosmology leave several fundamental questions unanswered, including the absence of CP violation in strong interactions and the origins of neutrino masses, dark matter, and dark energy. The most popular directions of model building beyond the Standard Model usually focus on new physics at short distances corresponding to high-energy scales. As an alternative direction, we present a novel class of low-energy solutions to the neutrino mass and strong CP problems at a new infrared gravitational scale, which is numerically coincident with the scale of dark energy. We demonstrate how a neutrino condensate, small neutrino masses, and an axion can emerge from a topological formulation of the chiral gravitational anomaly. First, we recapitulate how a gravitational θ-term leads to the emergence of a new bound neutrino state ην analogous to the η’ meson of QCD. On this basis, we show that a low-energy neutrino vacuum condensate forms and generates small neutrino masses. In the context of a follow-up model in which also the up-quark mass is generated by the neutrino condensate, we identify an axion that is composed entirely out of Standard Model fermion species: the η’ meson plus a minuscule admixture of the neutrino-composite ην boson. This new low-energy class of models has several unusual consequences for cosmology, astrophysics, gravity, and particle phenomenology. For example, we show that the cosmological neutrino mass bound vanishes due to a late cosmic phase transition in the neutrino sector. Moreover, we investigate the impact of the predicted topological defects and enhanced relic neutrino self-interactions on the dark matter and dark radiation content of the late Universe. On the astrophysics side, the key model prediction is the enhancement of neutrino decays observable in extraterrestrial neutrino fluxes. Concerning gravitational measurements, our models imply different polarization intensities of gravitational waves and a new attractive short-distance force among nucleons with a strength comparable to gravity. With regard to particle phenomenology, we explain potential signatures of flavor-violating processes, shining-light-through-walls signals, and possible sterile neutrinos in short-baseline experiments. We comment on how these model predictions can be tested with current and future experiments, in particular Euclid, IceCube, KATRIN, and PTOLEMY.Das Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik und seine kosmologischen Implikationen lassen einige fundamentale Fragen unbeantwortet, insbesondere die Abwesenheit von CP-Verletzung in der starken Wechselwirkung sowie die Ursprünge von Neutrinomassen, Dunkler Materie und Dunkler Energie. Innerhalb der Modellentwicklung jenseits des Standardmodells konzentrieren sich die populärsten Forschungsrichtungen üblicherweise auf neue Strukturen bei hohen Energien bzw. kleinen Abständen. Als eine alternative Richtung präsentieren wir in dieser Dissertation eine neue Klasse von niederenergetischen Lösungen der Neutrinomassen- und starken CP-Probleme. Diese Klasse manifestiert sich auf einer neuen infraroten Gravitationsskala, welche numerisch übereinstimmt mit der Skala der Dunklen Energie. Wir zeigen, wie sich ein Neutrinokondensat, kleine Neutrinomassen und ein Axion aus einer topologischen Formulierung der chiralen Gravitationsanomalie ergeben können. Zuerst rekapitulieren wir, wie ein gravitativer θ-Term zur Entstehung eines neuen gebundenen Neutrinozustands ην führt, analog zum η‘-Meson in der QCD. Auf dieser Basis leiten wir her, dass sich ein niederenergetisches Neutrino-Vakuumskondensat bildet, welches kleine Neutrinomassen generiert. Im Rahmen eines darauf aufbauenden Modells, in welchem auch die Masse des Up-Quarks durch das Neutrinokondensat erzeugt wird, identifizieren wir ein Axion, welches ausschließlich aus Fermionen des Standardmodells besteht: dem η‘-Meson plus einer winzigen Beimischung des ην-Bosons bestehend aus Neutrinos. Diese neue niederenergetische Modellklasse hat einige außergewöhnliche Konsequenzen für Kosmologie, Astrophysik, Gravitation, und Teilchenphänomenologie. Zum Beispiel zeigen wir, dass aufgrund eines späten kosmischen Phasenübergangs im Neutrinosektor die kosmologischen Grenzen für die Neutrinomassen verschwinden. Darüber hinaus untersuchen wir die Auswirkungen der vorhergesagten topologischen Defekte und der verstärkten kosmischen Neutrino-Selbstwechselwirkungen auf Dunkle Materie und Dunkle Strahlung im späten Universum. Im astrophysikalischen Bereich ist die wichtigste Modellvorhersage die Verstärkung von Neutrinozerfällen, welche in extraterrestrischen Neutrinoflüssen beobachtbar sind. In Bezug auf Gravitationsmessungen implizieren unsere Modelle verschiedene Polarisationsintensitäten von Gravitationswellen sowie eine neue kurzreichweitige Kraft zwischen Nukleonen, konkurrierend mit der Gravitationskraft. Im Hinblick auf Teilchenphänomenlogie erläutern wir mögliche Signaturen von flavor-verletzenden Prozessen, Licht-durch-die-Wand-Signalen, und etwaigen sterilen Neutrinos in Short-Baseline-Experimenten. Wir kommentieren, wie diese Modellvorhersagen mit laufenden und zukünftigen Experimenten getestet werden können, insbesondere mit Euclid, IceCube, KATRIN und PTOLEMY

Time-varying neutrino mass from a supercooled phase transition: current cosmological constraints and impact on the Ωm\Omega_m-σ8\sigma_8 plane

In this paper we investigate a time-varying neutrino mass model, motivated by the mild tension between cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements of the matter fluctuations and those obtained from low-redshift data. We modify the minimal case of the model proposed by Dvali and Funcke (2016) that predicts late neutrino mass generation in a post-recombination cosmic phase transition, by assuming that neutrino asymmetries allow for the presence of relic neutrinos in the late-time Universe. We show that, if the transition is supercooled, current cosmological data (including CMB temperature, polarization and lensing, baryon acoustic oscillations, and Type Ia supernovae) prefer the scale factor $a_s$ of the phase transition to be very large, peaking at $a_s\sim 1$, and therefore supporting a cosmological scenario in which neutrinos are almost massless until very recent times. We find that in this scenario the cosmological bound on the total sum of the neutrino masses today is significantly weakened compared to the standard case of constant-mass neutrinos, with $\sum m_\nu<4.8$~eV at 95\% confidence, and in agreement with the model predictions. The main reason for this weaker bound is a large correlation arising between the dark energy and neutrino components in the presence of false vacuum energy that converts into the non-zero neutrino masses after the transition. This result provides new targets for the coming KATRIN and PTOLEMY experiments. We also show that the time-varying neutrino mass model considered here does not provide a clear explanation to the existing cosmological $\Omega_m$-$\sigma_8$ discrepancies.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, matches updated version accepted by Physical Review

Exploring the CP-Violating Dashen Phase in the Schwinger Model with Tensor Networks

We numerically study the phase structure of the two-flavor Schwinger model with matrix product states, focusing on the (1+1)-dimensional analog of the CP-violating Dashen phase in QCD. Simulating the model around the point where the positive mass of one fermion flavor corresponds to the negative mass of the other fermion flavor, we explore a regime afflicted by the sign problem for conventional Monte Carlo techniques. Our results indicate that the model undergoes a CP-violating Dashen phase transition at this point, which manifests itself in abrupt changes of the average electric field and the analog of the pion condensate in the model. Studying the scaling of the bipartite entanglement entropy as a function of the volume, we find clear indications that this transition is not of first order.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

Computing the Mass Shift of Wilson and Staggered Fermions in the Lattice Schwinger Model with Matrix Product States

Simulations of lattice gauge theories with tensor networks and quantum computing have so far mainly focused on staggered fermions. In this paper, we use matrix product states to study Wilson fermions in the Hamiltonian formulation and present a novel method to determine the additive mass renormalization. Focusing on the single-flavor Schwinger model as a benchmark model, we investigate the regime of a nonvanishing topological $\theta$-term, which is inaccessible to conventional Monte Carlo methods. We systematically explore the dependence of the mass shift on the volume, the lattice spacing, the $\theta$-parameter, and the Wilson parameter. This allows us to follow lines of constant renormalized mass, and therefore to substantially improve the continuum extrapolation of the mass gap and the electric field density. For small values of the mass, our continuum results agree with the theoretical prediction from mass perturbation theory. Going beyond Wilson fermions, our technique can also be applied to staggered fermions, and we demonstrate that the results of our approach agree with a recent theoretical prediction for the mass shift at sufficiently large volumes.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figure

Mass Renormalization of the Schwinger Model with Wilson and Staggered Fermions in the Hamiltonian Lattice Formulation

Lattice computations in the Hamiltonian formulation have so far mainly focused on staggered fermions. In these proceedings, we study Wilson fermions in the Hamiltonian formulation and propose a new method to determine the resulting mass shift. As a benchmark study, we examine the one-flavour Schwinger model with Wilson fermions and a topological $\theta$-term using matrix product states. Wilson fermions explicitly break chiral symmetry; thus, the bare mass of the lattice model receives an additive renormalization. In order to measure this mass shift directly, we develop a method that is suitable for the Hamiltonian formulation, which relies on the fact that the vacuum expectation value of the electric field density vanishes when the renormalized mass is zero. We examine the dependence of the mass shift on the lattice spacing, the lattice volume, the $\theta$-parameter, and the Wilson parameter. Using the mass shift, we then perform the continuum extrapolation of the electric field density and compare the resulting mass dependence to the analytical predictions of mass perturbation theory. We demonstrate that incorporating the mass shift significantly improves the continuum extrapolation. Finally, we apply our method to the same model using staggered fermions instead of Wilson fermions and compare the resulting mass shift to recent theoretical predictions.Comment: 10 pages, Proceedings of the 39th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, 8th-13th August 2022, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\"at Bonn, German

Measurement Error Mitigation in Quantum Computers Through Classical Bit-Flip Correction

We develop a classical bit-flip correction method to mitigate measurement errors on quantum computers. This method can be applied to any operator, any number of qubits, and any realistic bit-flip probability. We first demonstrate the successful performance of this method by correcting the noisy measurements of the ground-state energy of the longitudinal Ising model. We then generalize our results to arbitrary operators and test our method both numerically and experimentally on IBM quantum hardware. As a result, our correction method reduces the measurement error on the quantum hardware by up to one order of magnitude. We finally discuss how to pre-process the method and extend it to other errors sources beyond measurement errors. For local Hamiltonians, the overhead costs are polynomial in the number of qubits, even if multi-qubit correlations are included.Comment: 31 pages, 13 figure

Levels of Structural Integration Mediate the Impact of Metacognition on Functioning in Non-affective Psychosis: Adding a Psychodynamic Perspective to the Metacognitive Approach

Synthetic metacognition is defined by integrative and contextualizing processes of discrete reflexive moments. These processes are supposed to be needed to meet intrapsychic as well as interpersonal challenges and to meaningfully include psychotic experience in a personal life narrative. A substantial body of evidence has linked this phenomenon to psychosocial functioning and treatment options were developed. The concept of synthetic metacognition, measured with the Metacognition Assessment Scale-Abbreviated (MAS-A), rises hope to bridge gaps between therapeutic orientations and shares valuable parallels to modern psychodynamic constructs, especially the 'levels of structural integration' of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2). As theoretical distinctions remain, aim of this study was to compare the predictive value of both constructs with regard to psychosocial functioning of patients with non-affective psychoses, measured with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (MINI-ICF-APP). It was further explored if levels of structural integration (OPD-LSIA) would mediate the impact of metacognition (MAS-A) on function (MINI-ICF-APP). Expert ratings of synthetic metacognition (MAS-A), the OPD-2 'levels of structural integration' axis (OPD-LSIA), psychosocial functioning (MINI-ICF-APP) and assessments of general cognition and symptoms were applied to 100 individuals with non-affective psychoses. Whereas both, MAS-A and OPD-LSIA, significantly predicted MINI-ICF-APP beyond cognition and symptoms, OPD-LSIA explained a higher share of variance and mediated the impact of MAS-A on MINI-ICF-APP. Levels of structural integration, including the quality of internalized object representations and unconscious interpersonal schemas, might therefore be considered as valuable predictors of social functioning and as one therapeutic focus in patients with non-affective psychoses. Structural integration might go beyond and form the base of a person's actual reflexive and metacognitive capabilities. Psychotherapeutic procedures specific for psychoses may promote and challenge a patient's metacognitive capacities, but should equally take the need for maturing structural skills into account. Modern psychodynamic approaches to psychosis are shortly presented, providing concepts and techniques for the implicit regulation of interpersonal experience and aiming at structural integration in this patient group

Quantum spin helices more stable than the ground state: onset of helical protection

Topological magnetic structures are promising candidates for resilient information storage. An elementary example are spin helices in one-dimensional easy-plane quantum magnets. To quantify their stability, we numerically implement the stochastic Schr\"odinger equation and time-dependent perturbation theory for spin chains with fluctuating local magnetic fields. We find two classes of quantum spin helices that can reach and even exceed ground-state stability: Spin-current-maximizing helices and, for fine-tuned boundary conditions, the recently discovered "phantom helices". Beyond that, we show that the helicity itself (left- or right-rotating) is even more stable. We explain these findings by separated helical sectors and connect them to topological sectors in continuous spin systems. The resulting helical protection mechanism is a promising phenomenon towards stabilizing helical quantum structures, e.g., in ultracold atoms and solid state systems. We also identify an - up to our knowledge - previously unknown new type of phantom helices.Comment: 6+4 pages, 3 figures; version 2: minor updates, additional reference